Important questions about the U.S. system of higher education cannot be answered with existing data. To many stakeholders, the current federal postsecondary data collections, though comprised of high quality data, do not provide a full picture of all students and all outcomes, because they are collected at varied levels of granularity and for different purposes. Without complete representation of all students’ access, progress, completion, costs, and outcomes, stakeholders—including prospective students, institution leaders, and state and federal policymakers—are unable to make fully informed postsecondary choices and policy decisions.